Data communication apparatus, system, and method

ABSTRACT

A data communication apparatus, system, and method are described. The data communication system comprises a transceiver disposed on an entrance port to an enclosure, such as an underground enclosure. The transceiver includes a housing, the housing mountable to the entrance port, wherein the transceiver is configured to communicate with a network outside of the underground enclosure. The data communication system also includes a monitoring device disposed in the underground enclosure that provides data related to a real-time condition within the underground enclosure. The data communication system also includes a sensor analytics unit to process the data from the monitoring device/sensor and generate a processed data signal and to communicate the processed data signal to the transceiver.

BACKGROUND

Machine to machine communication is becoming increasingly important tothe energy, communications, and security markets, among others.Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) systems used in thoseindustries rely on inputs from remotely located sensors to functionproperly. SCADA systems can also output signals to actuate remoteequipment in the field. A sizeable portion of that equipment (˜18% forU.S. electric utilities) is located underground, and providing wirelesscommunications between above ground and underground equipment is aserious challenge.

Current methods used to locate underground cable faults are still slowand labor intensive. Even relatively short outages can be used againstutilities and lead to rate adjustments for customers, so a faster meansof locating and fixing underground faults is needed.

Thus, there is a need for communicating wireless signals into and out ofunderground equipment vaults and other structures where undergroundequipment is located.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

In one aspect of the invention, a data communication system comprises atransceiver disposed on an entrance port to an enclosure, such as anunderground or grade level enclosure. For the underground enclosureenvironment, the transceiver includes a housing, the housing mountableto the entrance port, wherein the transceiver is configured tocommunicate with a network outside of the underground enclosure. Thedata communication system also includes a monitoring device, such as asensor, disposed in the enclosure that provides data related to areal-time condition within the enclosure. The data communication systemalso includes a sensor analytics unit to process the data from themonitoring device/sensor and generate a processed data signal and tocommunicate the processed data signal to the transceiver.

In another aspect, the sensor detects at least one of: power, voltage,current, temperature, combustible materials or byproducts of combustion,mechanical strain, mechanical movement, humidity, soil condition,pressure, hazardous atmosphere, liquid flow, leakage, componentend-of-life or lifetime, personnel presence, physical state, lightlevel, and vibration. In a further aspect, the sensor is incorporated ina sensored cable accessory and is configured to monitor a condition of apower cable.

In yet another aspect, the sensor analytics unit includes a digitalsignal processor. In another aspect, the sensor analytics unit includesa wireless network communications chip.

In another aspect, the transceiver unit includes a hardened above groundantenna and radio. In another aspect, the transceiver is configured tosend aggregated information upstream to another aggregation node orcloud server above ground. In a further aspect, the aggregated datacomprises one or more of periodic status notification and asynchronousalarm notification.

In another aspect, the entrance port comprises a manhole cover. In afurther aspect, the transceiver is secured to the manhole cover and aportion of the transceiver housing extends through a hole formed in theentrance cover. In yet another aspect, the transceiver housing portionextending through the hole formed in the entrance cover is substantiallyflush with a top surface of the entrance cover.

In another aspect, the entrance port comprises a manhole cover and aring portion to receive the manhole cover, wherein the transceiver issecured to the ring portion of the entrance port.

In another aspect, the data communication system further comprises apower harvesting device coupled to at least one power line located inthe underground enclosure.

In another aspect, the power harvesting device is coupled to the sensoranalytics unit and provides power to the sensor analytics unit.

In another aspect of the invention, a data communication systemcomprises a transceiver disposed on an entrance port to an undergroundenclosure. The transceiver includes a housing mountable to the entranceport, wherein the transceiver is configured to communicate with anetwork outside of the underground enclosure. The system also includes asensored cable accessory mounted to a power line located in theunderground enclosure, the sensored cable accessory including a sensorthat measures data related to a real-time condition within theunderground enclosure. The sensored cable accessory also includes asignal processing chip to process the measured data and a communicationchip to communicate processed data to the transceiver.

In another aspect, the sensored cable accessory further comprises apower harvesting device coupled to the power line to provide power tothe signal processing chip and communication chip.

In another aspect of the invention, a data communication systemcomprises a transceiver disposed on a portion of an enclosure containingutility equipment, the transceiver including a housing, the housingmountable to the enclosure, wherein the transceiver is configured tocommunicate with a network outside of the enclosure. The system alsoincludes a monitoring device, such as a sensor, disposed in theenclosure that provides data related to a real-time condition within theenclosure. The system also includes a sensor analytics unit to processthe data from the monitoring device/sensor and generate a processed datasignal. The processed data signal can be communicated to thetransceiver.

In another aspect, the enclosure comprises an underground vault. In afurther aspect, the enclosure comprises a grade level or above-groundenclosure.

The above summary of the present invention is not intended to describeeach illustrated embodiment or every implementation of the presentinvention. The figures and the detailed description that follows moreparticularly exemplify these embodiments.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will be described hereinafter in part by reference tonon-limiting examples thereof and with reference to the drawings, inwhich:

FIG. 1 is a schematic view of a data communication system according to afirst aspect of the invention.

FIGS. 2A-2E are side views of alternative transceiver mountings andconstructions according to other aspects of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic view of a data communication system according toanother aspect of the invention.

FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an example process for generating andcommunicating a data signal from an underground vault according toanother aspect of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic view of a data communication system according toanother aspect of the invention.

FIG. 6 is a schematic view of a data communication system according toanother aspect of the invention.

FIG. 7 is a flowchart of an example process flow for a datacommunication system according to another aspect of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a schematic view of a pad-mounted data communication systemaccording to another aspect of the invention.

FIG. 9 is a schematic view of an underground data communication systemaccording to another aspect of the invention.

While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternativeforms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in thedrawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood,however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to theparticular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is tocover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling withinthe scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF EMBODIMENTS

In the following Detailed Description, reference is made to theaccompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which is shownby way of illustration specific embodiments in which the invention maybe practiced. In this regard, directional terminology, such as “top,”“bottom,” “front,” “back,” “leading,” “forward,” “trailing,” etc., isused with reference to the orientation of the Figure(s) being described.Because components of embodiments of the present invention can bepositioned in a number of different orientations, the directionalterminology is used for purposes of illustration and is in no waylimiting. It is to be understood that other embodiments may be utilizedand structural or logical changes may be made without departing from thescope of the present invention. The following detailed description,therefore, is not to be taken in a limiting sense, and the scope of thepresent invention is defined by the appended claims.

A data communication apparatus, system, and method are described hereinthat can be utilized in an enclosure, such as a grade level, aboveground or underground enclosure. In one aspect, the enclosure is anunderground enclosure accessible via an entrance port. The datacommunication system includes a transceiver disposed on an entrance portto an underground enclosure, such as a vault or manhole. The transceiverincludes a rugged housing. In some aspects, at least a portion of therugged housing extends above the surface of the entrance port. In otheraspects, the rugged housing is attached to the entrance port such that aportion of the housing is substantially flush with the top surface ofthe entrance port and a substantial portion of the housing is disposedbelow the top surface of the entrance port. A monitoring device isdisposed in the vault. The monitoring device can be a sensor thatprovides data related to a real-time condition within the vault. Inaddition, in some aspects, the data communication system can include agateway unit that relays the data to the transceiver. In other aspects,a sensor analytics unit can process and analyze the real-time data fromthe monitoring device and relay that processed data to the transceiver.In a further aspect, the sensor and sensor analytics unit can beincorporated as part of a sensored electrical accessory.

In particular, in one aspect, the transceiver includes a physicallyrobust antenna and radio. This antenna/transceiver can take acombination of wireless and/or wired signals from the monitoringdevice(s)/sensor(s) which provide real-time data regardingenvironmental, component, and other electronic equipment conditions forthose components/equipment disposed within the underground enclosure. Inaddition, the communication system can communicate with other equipmentand components disposed underground in other locations. In some aspects,the gateway unit relays the data payload from those monitoringdevices/sensors and underground equipment to the transceiver which cancommunicate with above-ground network elements such as wireless accesspoints, mobile radio cells, and private radios. In other aspects, thesensored analytics unit relays processed data corresponding to the datameasured by the sensors to the transceiver. As such, in some aspects,sensors can be used to provide real time information about undergroundgrid performance, and a cost effective means for communicating withthose monitoring devices/sensors is by using wireless networks.

The transceiver can be disposed or embedded in a raised or flush-mountedstructure. In another aspect, a matching pair of embedded raisedstructure antennas and/or electronics for above ground and below groundtransmission respectively can be provided for an underground enclosure.In addition, multiple antennas (e.g., antennas transmitting/receivingWiFi, GPS, mobile radio, etc. signals) are provided in a single robuststructure.

FIG. 1 shows one aspect of the present invention, a data communicationsystem 100. In this aspect, the data communication system 100 is anunderground data communication system. The communications system 100 isdisposed in an exemplary underground enclosure, here underground vault10. In this example implementation, vault 10 includes a variety ofequipment, such as one or more high voltage electrical lines, such aselectrical lines 105 a-105 c (carrying e.g., low, medium or high voltagepower), associated components and/or accessories, such as a splice ortermination (in the example of FIG. 1, a termination 110 will representsuch associated components and/or accessories), a transformer, such as astep down transformer 103, and further electrical lines 107 a-107 c(carrying low voltage power (e.g., 440V) to a nearby building orstructure). In some vaults, a transformer may not be included therein.

The enclosure or vault 10 can be accessed from above ground via a portalor entrance port 55 that includes a conventional manhole cover 50, whichcan be formed from a metal or non-metal, and can have a conventionalcircular shape. In a one aspect, the manhole cover 52 can be mounted ona ring, frame or flange structure 52 of the entrance port 55. In thisaspect, vault 10 is can be constructed as a conventional undergroundvault, commonly used by electric, gas, water, and/or other utilities.However, in alternative aspects, the underground data communicationsystem 100 can be utilized in another type of underground enclosure orsimilar structure, such as a manhole, basement, cellar, pit, shelter,pipe, or other underground enclosure.

The vault also includes at least one monitoring device disposed thereinwhich can monitor a physical condition of the vault or of the componentsor equipment located in the vault. Such conditions would normally bedifficult to gather or assess from above-ground. As described in detailbelow, the underground data communication system can provide acommunication infrastructure to relay vault condition information to anabove ground network or SCADA, without having a service technicianphysically enter the vault to determine those conditions.

In a further aspect, the underground communication system can beimplemented in an above ground environment. For example, communicationssystem 100 can be mounted within a grade level, pad mounted enclosure.The communications system can provide a means of wirelesslycommunicating to and from a structure that is constructed in a mannerthat would otherwise prevent direct wireless communications to and fromthe interior portion of the structure.

As shown in FIG. 1, in this example, termination 110 provides a terminalconnection for a power cable, such as a low, medium or high voltagepower cable 105 a-105 c. The monitoring device can be a sensor disposedon the termination. This sensor can provide sensing capabilities thatmeasure a cable condition, such as voltage, current, and/or temperature.Thus, in this example, termination 110 can be referred to as a sensoredtermination 110 that can provide real-time data about the condition ofone or more connected power lines.

For example, the sensored termination 110 of this aspect can include aRogowski coil that produces a voltage that is proportional to thederivative of the current, meaning that an integrator can be utilized torevert back to a signal that is proportional to the current.Alternatively, a current sensor can be configured as a magnetic corecurrent transformer that produces a current proportional to the currenton the inner conductor. In addition, sensored termination 110 caninclude a capacitive voltage sensor that provides precise voltagemeasurements. Because sensored termination 110 can include both acurrent sensor and a capacitive voltage sensor, the sensored terminationfacilitates calculation of phase angle (power factor), Volt Amps (VA),Volt Amps reactive (VAr), and Watts (W). An exemplary sensoredtermination is described in U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/839,543,incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

While the embodiment of FIG. 1 shows a monitoring device implemented asa sensored termination, in other aspects of the invention, themonitoring device can be implemented as part of a more general sensoredelectrical accessory, such as a cable termination, cable splice, orelectrical jumper.

Thus, it is contemplated that the monitoring device can comprise one ormore of the following sensors: power, voltage, current, temperature,combustible materials or byproducts of combustion, mechanical strain,mechanical movement (e.g. revolutions per minute), humidity, soilcondition (acidity, moisture content, mineral content), pressure,hazardous atmosphere, liquid flow, leakage, component end-of-life orlifetime (e.g., a cathodic protection sensor), personnel presence (e.g.,has someone entered the enclosure), physical state (e.g., is theenclosure open or closed, is the door open or closed, is a switch orvalve open or closed, has an item been tampered with), light sensor,vibration (seismic, tampering).

In another aspect of the invention, data is communicated from themonitoring device inside the enclosure to a network or SCADA locatedoutside the enclosure. This communication can be accomplished via agateway unit and transceiver. As explained in further detail below, thegateway unit can be incorporated in a remote terminal unit, incorporatedin a transceiver device mounted on the entrance portal, or it can beimplemented as a stand-alone unit within the enclosure or at theenclosure entrance.

The gateway unit can connect underground to various monitoring devicesusing wired or wireless connections. The gateway unit can perform localanalysis and interpretation of data from the monitoring devices. Forexample, the gateway unit can interpret monitoring device/sensorinformation to determine environmental conditions such as the presenceof hazardous gases, moisture, dust, chemical composition, corrosion,pest presence, and more. In addition, the gateway unit can perform somelocal actions, such as the opening and closing of switches. Further, thegateway unit can send aggregated information such as periodic status orasynchronous alarm notifications upstream to another aggregation node orcloud server above ground. The gateway unit can also respond to messagessent to it by an upstream aggregation node or cloud (e.g., SCADA)service. Typical commands from an upstream node or cloud service caninclude “transmit status,” perform action,” “set configurationparameter,” “load software,” etc.

As shown in FIG. 1, in this example, data from the sensored terminations110 a-110 c can be communicated via one or more communication cables(here cables 130 a-130 f, with two cables connected to each sensoredtermination) to a remote terminal unit or RTU 120. The RTU 120 can bemounted at a central location within the vault 10, or along a wall orother internal vault structure. In this embodiment of the invention, RTU120 can include a gateway unit (not separately shown). Alternatively,the gateway unit can be disposed within the transceiver 140 orconfigured as a stand-alone component. The gateway unit and transceiverare described in further detail below.

In one aspect, RTU 120 is adapted to process data signals received fromsensored termination 110 and transform such data signals into signalsuseable in a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Inaddition, RTU 120 can also be adapted to receive signals from the SCADAsystem to control one or more components or equipment located in thevault. As shown in FIG. 1, data can be communicated between RTU 120 anda transceiver unit 140 (described below) via cable 130, which cancomprise a conventional coaxial cable.

In another aspect of the invention, the RTU 120 can be implemented witha wireless network transmitter/receiver. Example wireless networks thatcan be used in an underground location include any combination of WiFi,ZigBee, ANT, Bluetooth, infrared, and others. Thus, RTU 120 can beconfigured to communicate wirelessly with transceiver 140 and/or themonitoring devices and/or equipment located in vault 10. This equipmentcan include sensored terminations or any of the other sensor typespreviously mentioned with added wireless communication capability.

The communication system 100 further includes a transceiver unit 140that communicates information from (and to) the sensored termination110/RTU 120 to (and from) the above ground SCADA or wirelesscommunications network. Several different transceiver unit constructions140 a-140 e are shown in FIGS. 2A-2E and are described in further detailbelow.

It is noted that in an alternative aspect of the invention, theunderground data communication system can omit the RTU altogether. Inthis manner, the transceiver unit 140 can provide a gateway unit thatwill allow the underground equipment/monitoring devices to communicatewith above ground communications networks. In several aspects, thetransceiver unit 140 comprises an environmentally hardened above groundantenna which is coupled to a radio which communicates with widelyavailable above-ground wireless communications networks such as WiFi,WiMax, mobile telephone (3G, 4G, LTE), private licensed bands, etc. Thetransceiver unit can also include a gateway unit comprising gatewayelectronics that provide an interface between above ground radio signalsand communications to underground monitoring devices/equipmentwirelessly via a second antenna or via direct connection to the gatewayunit with copper and/or fiber cabling. The gateway unit performs networkconnection, security, and data translation functions between the aboveground and underground networks.

As mentioned above, in one aspect, a single gateway unit can communicatewith one or more of the multiple underground monitoringdevices/equipment implemented within vault 10. As described above, themonitoring devices can comprise stand alone sensors or sensorsintegrated with equipment and components disposed in the vault, such asthe sensor portion(s) of sensored terminations 110, and other vaultsensors, such as moisture sensors, air quality sensors, pressuresensors, etc.

FIGS. 2A-2E show several different constructions for transceiver unit140. For example, FIG. 2A shows a transceiver unit 140 a having ahousing 141 that includes a main body portion 142. An antenna portion147 and a radio portion (which can include radio electronics, not shown)can be disposed in main body portion 142. In this configuration,transceiver unit 140 a is mounted to manhole cover 50 that allowsentrance into vault 10 from above the ground. In this aspect, manholecover 50 can include a recessed portion 51 configured to support atleast a base portion of the transceiver unit 140 a. In one aspect,besides the radio and antenna components, the transceiver unit 140 a mayfurther include processors, data storage units, communicationsinterfaces, power supplies, and human interface devices.

The housing 141 can be a sealed structure and may include one or morehousing parts such as a cover and base plate. At least some of thehousing parts may be made of a moldable plastic material. The materialof the housing parts may be resistant against aggressive substances. Thehousing can be sealed to protect the radio, antenna, and othercomponents contained within it. By using a seal of appropriate material,such as a graphite-containing material, a seal may additionally beprovided against aggressive substances like gasoline or oil which may bepresent in an outside environment.

In an alternative aspect, housing 141 can be constructed as a radiofrequency transparent pavement marker made of high impact resistantresin that can be molded, machined, or cast. An example alternativeconstruction is described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,551,014, incorporated byreference herein in its entirety. In this alternative aspect, thereflectivity of the marker can be modified to visually indicate a stateof the equipment in the vault. For example, a blinking or non-blinkinglight can indicates normal/abnormal status. Further, a slowly blinkingmarker light can indicate caution, and/or a fast blinking light canindicate a dangerous condition. In this example, a liquid crystal filtercan be mounted in front of the reflector, and the LC polarity can bemodulated with a microprocessor. Alternatively, the internal lightsource, e.g., and LED, can be directly modulated.

The electric or electronic components contained within the housing 141can be active, passive, or both active and passive. Thus, thetransceiver housing 141 makes it possible to mount an antenna on theoutside surface of an underground vault or enclosure while allowing theradio/antenna to be electrically connected to, e.g., an RTU 120, locatedin the vault. For example, an antenna connection or conduit 145 cancouple cable 130 to the transceiver unit 140 a. In this aspect, cable130 can be a conventional coaxial cable. The conduit 145 can have ascrew-on construction and can screw into an appropriately-sized holetapped into the manhole cover 50. In addition, the type of antennadesign utilized can take into account the construction and materialsused to form manhole cover 50. In a preferred aspect, manhole cover 50comprises a standard, conventional manhole cover, as existing covers ofvarious sizes and composition can be easily modified to fit thetransceiver/antenna.

Thus, with this construction, if a monitoring device, such as a sensorportion of a sensored termination, senses a line fault, transceiver unit140 a can communicate real-time fault location information to a powerutility network or SCADA system. FIG. 2B shows an alternative aspect ofthe invention, a transceiver unit 140 b having a housing 141 thatincludes a main body portion 142, where an antenna portion 147 and aradio portion can be disposed in main body portion 142. In thisparticular configuration, transceiver unit 140 b is substantiallyflush-mounted to manhole cover 50 and includes a robust, thick housing.For example, the housing can comprise a polycarbonate material with apolyurethane core, with a ribbed area that provides flexibility to keepthe polycarbonate material from cracking.

An antenna connection or conduit 145 can couple cable 130 to thetransceiver unit 140 b. The interior components and operation oftransceiver 140 b can be the same as described above with respect totransceiver 140 a.

FIG. 2C shows another alternative aspect of the invention, a transceiverunit 140 c having a housing 141 that includes a main body portion 142,where an antenna portion 147 and a radio portion, along withaccompanying electronics, can be disposed in main body portion 142. Inthis particular configuration, transceiver unit 140 b isrecessed-mounted to a thin manhole cover 50 a and secured thereto viaconventional bolts. An antenna connection or conduit 145 can couplecable 130 to the transceiver unit 140 c. The interior components andoperation of transceiver 140 b can be the same as described above withrespect to transceiver 140 a.

FIG. 2D shows yet another alternative aspect of the invention, atransceiver unit 140 d having a dual housing 141 a, 141 b that includesan upper body portion 142 and a lower body portion 144, where the upperbody portion 142 houses a first antenna portion 147 a and a radioportion, and the lower body portion 144 houses a second antenna portion147 b and a radio portion. The first antenna portion 147 a can beconfigured to communicate with above-ground wireless networks and thesecond antenna portion 147 b can be configured to communicate with abelow-ground network via cable 130. In this particular configuration,upper body portion 142 is flush-mounted to first side of manhole cover50 and lower body portion 144 is flush-mounted to a second side ofmanhole cover 50. This particular design allows for straightforwardinstallation to an existing manhole cover by drilling a single hole andutilizing a screw-on type conduit 145 that can be screwed into theappropriately-sized hole tapped into the manhole cover 50. The housing141 a and be formed from a robust, thick housing material. The lowerhousing 141 b can be formed from the same or a different material.

FIG. 2E shows yet another alternative aspect of the invention, atransceiver unit 140 e having a dual housing 141 a, 141 b that includesan upper body portion 142 and a lower body portion 144, where the upperbody portion 142 houses a first antenna portion 147 a and a radioportion, and the lower body portion 144 houses a second antenna portion147 b and a radio portion. In addition, transceiver unit 140 e furtherincludes a gateway unit 143 that transforms the data from a firstprotocol (e.g., Zigbee, used below ground) to a second protocol e.g.,4G, used above ground). As such, the first antenna portion 147 a can beconfigured to communicate with above-ground wireless networks and thesecond antenna portion 147 b can be configured to communicate with abelow-ground wireless network, which may be different from theabove-ground wireless network. In this particular configuration, upperbody portion 142 is flush-mounted to first side of manhole cover 50. Thegateway unit 143, which can comprise a separate structure or can becontained within housing 141 b, and lower body portion 144 can beflush-mounted to a second side of manhole cover 50. The gateway unitreceives data from the monitoring device and can comprise appropriatecircuits and or electronics to read the data, analyze the data,aggregate the data, classify the data, infer vault conditions based onthe data, and take action based on the data. In addition, the gatewayunit 143 can provide a clock source for event correlation.

Again, this particular design allows for straightforward installation toan existing manhole cover by drilling a single hole and utilizing ascrew-on type conduit 145 that can be screwed into theappropriately-sized hole tapped into the manhole cover 50. The housing141 a and be formed from a robust, thick housing material. The lowerhousing 141 b can be formed from the same or a different material.

In one aspect, an example structure that can be utilized to house atleast some of the components of the transceiver and/or gateway unit isdescribed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,135,352, incorporated by reference hereinin its entirety.

In another aspect, multiple antennas can be embedded in the same housing(or housing portion) allowing for multiple communications methods bothabove and below ground. For example, WiFi and 4G antennas can beembedded in the same above ground antenna housing along with a GPSantenna to provide multiple network connections along with GPSpositioning and timing information. A Bluetooth antenna can be embeddedin the above ground housing to provide local communications to personnelin close proximity to the transceiver/gateway unit. For example, a craftperson driving over a transceiver/gateway unit could directly read thesensors in the vault below using Bluetooth. An RFID antenna can beembedded in the above ground housing to permit reading undergroundsensor data with an RFID reader.

In another aspect, power can be provided to the components of theunderground data communication system 100 through various means. In oneaspect, equipment may be run via AC or DC power sources already locatedin the vault 10. If there is no available AC or DC power source, inanother aspect, a power harvesting coil can be installed on electricalequipment, such as termination 110 that can provide power to thecomponents in the vault 10. Alternatively, piezoelectric transducers canbe utilized to convert the mechanical vibration found within vault 10 toelectrical energy that can be stored in batteries or super capacitors.For example, a conventional piezoelectric transducer is available fromMide (www.mide.com). In another aspect, thermoelectric transducers canbe utilized to convert the natural temperature differential betweenabove ground and below ground to electrical energy. For example, see(http://www.idtechex.com/research/reports/thermoelectric-energy-harvesting-2012-2022-devices-applications-opportunities-000317.asp).In a further aspect, solar panels can be employed for trickle poweringthe battery or other internal components.

In another aspect of the invention, multiple underground datacommunication systems can be configured to communicate with monitoringdevices and/or equipment located within the underground utilityinfrastructure outside of a particular vault location. For example, FIG.3 shows a wireless underground manhole utility infrastructure having afirst vault 10 a and a second vault 10 b interposing a splice enclosure10 c that provides low/medium/high voltage lines to the vaults. Vault 10a can be implemented with a first underground data communication system100 a (configured in a manner similar to those implementations describedabove) and vault 10 b can be implemented with a second underground datacommunication system 100 b (also configured in a manner similar to thoseimplementations described above). In one example, first underground datacommunication system 100 a is implemented with a Zigbee network. At adesired interval, the RTU or gateway unit of first underground datacommunication system 100 a can monitor a condition of splice 108 a,which is located outside of vault 10 a, between vault 10 a and enclosure10 c. In addition, the RTU or gateway unit of first underground datacommunication system 100 a can monitor a condition of components 108 band/or splices 108 c, which are located at or near enclosure 10 c. In asimilar manner, second underground data communication system 100 b canalso be implemented with a Zigbee network and can monitor a condition ofsplice 108 d, which is located outside of vault 10 b, between vault 10 band enclosure 10 c.

In addition, multiple underground data communication systems can beconfigured to communicate with each other as well as with an aboveground network, such as a utility SCADA system. For example, firstunderground data communication system 100 a can communicate directlywith second underground data communication system 100 b, in addition tocommunicating with the above-ground network.

In further detail, FIG. 4 provides an example flowchart illustratingsome of the functions of the underground data communication system. Asmentioned above, the gateway unit can be a stand-alone unit, it can beincorporated with an RTU or it can be incorporated as part of thetransceiver.

In this embodiment, the gateway unit is co-located with the transceiver.A monitoring device, in this example an active sensor 260, which can beconfigured as a current and voltage sensor of an exemplary sensoredtermination (such as described previously), takes a measurement (step262) of real time condition of an electrical line. For example, ananalog signal corresponding to the real time condition can be digitized.In this example, the measurement can be communicated to an RTU (eitherwirelessly or via wire) or it can be processed by the active sensoritself, depending on the type of sensor utilized. Assuming the data issent to an RTU, the RTU processes the measured signal by calculating thefrequency and phase angle (step 264). The measured data is formattedinto a measurement data packet (step 266). The data packet is thenencrypted and transmitted as a local area network (LAN) packet (step268). In this example, the LAN is a Zigbee LAN and the RTU includes aZigbee radio. Alternatively, if an RTU is not utilized, the signalprocessing can be performed by the monitoring device, which can thencommunicate the data directly to the gateway or nearest Zigbee radio.

In step 270, the LAN packet is decrypted and decoded by the gatewayunit. In step 272, the decoded data is interpreted by the gateway unit.For example, the gateway unit can be uploaded with a library of keyfaults to provide classification of a particular fault or assignment ofa severity level based on preset or downloaded conditions orcombinations of existing conditions. Based on the interpretation, thegateway unit determines whether to take a local action (step 275). If alocal action is necessary, the gateway communicates a signal toequipment to take action in step 278 (e.g., trip a circuit breaker, turnon/off capacitor bank, etc.).

In addition, the gateway can also determine whether an upstreamnotification is required in step 280. If yes, the gateway unit canformat a wide area network (WAN) packet (step 282) and encrypt andtransmit the WAN packet (step 284). The WAN packet can be sent out overWiFi, local radio, etc., as described above. A WAN receiver (e.g., amobile receiver unit, such as a service technician having acommunication device loaded with the appropriate App, or the operationscenter of the service provider) can receive the WAN data packet, decryptand decode the WAN packet (step 286). The entity receiving the WAN datapacket (e.g., operations center or service vehicle) can then act on thenotification from the gateway unit.

In one aspect, this type of communication system allows a utilitycompany to accurately pinpoint an underground fault location, thussaving the time and expense of entering and physically inspecting amultitude of vault locations within the grid. In addition, performingthe appropriate local actions can quickly restore service to customersand prevent further damage to the grid itself.

FIG. 5 shows another aspect of the invention, an underground datacommunication system 200. The communications system 200 is disposed inan exemplary underground enclosure, here underground vault 11. In thisexample implementation, vault 11 includes one or more electrical lines,such as electrical lines 205 a-205 c (carrying e.g., low, medium or highvoltage power).

Similar to that discussed above, in an alternative aspect, theunderground communication system 200 could be implemented in an aboveground environment.

Referring back to FIG. 5, the enclosure or vault 11 can be accessed fromabove ground via a portal, such as a conventional or modified manholecover 51, which can be formed from a metal or non-metal, and can have aconventional circular shape. In this aspect, vault 11 is can beconstructed as a conventional underground vault, commonly used byelectric, gas, water, and/or other utilities. However, in alternativeaspects, the underground data communication system 200 can be utilizedin another type of underground enclosure or similar structure, such as amanhole, basement, cellar, pit, shelter, pipe, or other undergroundenclosure.

The vault also includes at least one monitoring device disposed thereinwhich can monitor a physical condition of the vault or of the componentsor equipment located in the vault. For example, in this aspect, acurrent sensor (210 a-210 c), such as a Rogowski coil, that produces avoltage that is proportional to the derivative of the current, isprovided on each electrical line 205 a-205 c. Alternatively, othersensor devices, such as those described above, can be utilized withinenclosure 11.

The raw data signals can be carried from the sensors via signal lines230 a-230 c to a sensored analytics unit (SAU) 220. The SAU 220 can bemounted at a central location within the vault 11, or along a wall orother internal vault structure. The SAU 220 includes a digital signalprocessor (DSP) or system on a chip (SOC) to receive, manipulate,analyze, process, or otherwise transform such data signals into signalsuseable in a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Inaddition, the DSP can perform some operations independently of theSCADA. For example, the DSP can perform fault detection, isolation,location and condition monitoring and reporting. Moreover, the DSP/SAUcan be programmed to provide additional features, such as Volt, VARoptimization, phasor measurement (synchnophaser), incipient faultdetection, load characterization, post mortem event analysis, signaturewaveform identification and event capture, self-healing andoptimization, energy auditing, partial discharge,harmonics/sub-harmonics analysis, flicker analysis and leakage currentanalysis.

In addition, the DSP and other chips utilized in the SAU require can beconfigured to require only low power levels, on the order of less than10 W. In this aspect, SAU 220 can be provided power via a powerharvesting coil 215 that can be coupled to one of the electrical linesto provide sufficient power to the SAU via power cable 217.

In addition, the SAU 220 can be implemented with a backup battery (notshown). Further, the SAU 220 can include additional sensors to monitor,e.g., environmental conditions within the enclosure.

The processed data from the SAU 220 can be communicated to a network orSCADA via a transceiver 240. As shown in FIG. 5, the transceiver 240 isconfigured as an environmentally robust communication gateway. In thisaspect, transceiver 240 can include fully integrated very low powerelectronics (an SOC for detecting time synchronous events), along withGPS and versatile radio communication modules. The transceiver 240 canbe powered by a battery source or wireless power (such as a wirelesspower transmitter, not shown). The transceiver 240 can bemounted/designed in a modular way as to have the flexibility to installvarious additional sensors in a variety of packages for differentapplications.

As shown in FIG. 5, the transceiver can be mounted directly ontoentrance cover 51. In this aspect, a portion of the transceiver 240 isconfigured to extend through a hole or conduit formed in the entrancecover 51. In addition, the top portion of the transceiver 240 isdesigned to be substantially flush with a top surface of entrance cover51. In this manner, the risk of damage to the transceiver from outsideelements is reduced.

The transceiver 240 can communicate with internal enclosure components,such as the SAU 220, via a short range communication protocol (e.g.,bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, ANT). In this manner, the transceiver unit 240can provide a gateway that allows the underground equipment/monitoringdevices (e.g., SAU 220) to communicate to and from above groundcommunications networks. In this aspect, the transceiver unit 240 alsocomprises an environmentally hardened above ground antenna, such asdescribed above. The above ground antenna can be housed in the portionof the transceiver 240 that is substantially flush or that extends above(see e.g., FIG. 1) the top surface of the entrance cover and which iscoupled to a radio which communicates with widely available above-groundwireless communications networks such as WiFi, WiMax, mobile telephone(3G, 4G, LTE, GSM), private licensed bands, non-licensed bands, etc. Thetransceiver 240 can also include gateway electronics that provide aninterface between above ground radio signals and communications to theSAU 220 wirelessly via a second antenna. Alternatively, the SAU 220 cancommunicate to the transceiver 240 via direct connection with copperand/or fiber cabling (similar to cable 130 shown in FIG. 1, but notshown in FIG. 5). The transceiver performs network connection, security,and data translation functions between the above ground and undergroundnetworks. In other aspects, the gateway electronics can be providedwithin the SAU, which can format data packages to an appropriate networkformat and send the formatted signals to a transmitting antenna of thetransceiver via a standard signal cable.

In this aspect, transceiver 240 includes a large, primary battery thatis rated for at least 12-15 years. In this aspect, communications system200 can be configured to conserve the power used by the transceiver 240by operating on a periodic basis. For example, in addition to a, e.g.,once-a-day status check, the SAU 220 can be programmed to only sendsignals to the transceiver 240 when key, problematic events occur.

In an alternative aspect, transceiver 240 can be powered by an externalpower source, such as power available from power harvesting device 215,or another power harvesting device coupled to another electrical line.

In a further alternative aspect, the underground enclosure can furtherinclude a wireless power transmitter mounted near the transceiver 240.The wireless power transmitter can wirelessly transmit power to thetransceiver (via inductive coupling, such as near-field inductivecoupling). For example, the wireless power transmitter can include afirst (primary) inductor that couples with a second inductor located inthe transceiver 240. The wireless power transmitter can be brought intoclose proximity to the transceiver 240 via a hinged support arm mountedwithin the underground enclosure. In one aspect, the wirelesstransmitter can be placed into an operational position where thedistance to the transceiver 240 can be closer than about ⅓ wavelength ofthe carrier frequency used. Antenna positioning within the wirelesspower transmitter and transceiver can be further optimized depending onthe conditions. The wireless power transmitter can itself be powered bya power harvesting device, such as device 215.

FIG. 6 shows another aspect of the invention, communication system 300.The communications system 300 is disposed in an exemplary undergroundenclosure, here underground vault 11. In this example implementation,vault 11 includes one or more high voltage electrical lines, such aselectrical lines 305 a-305 c (carrying e.g., medium to high voltagepower).

The enclosure or vault 11 can be accessed from above ground via aportal, such as a conventional or modified manhole cover 51, which canbe formed from a metal or non-metal, and can have a conventionalcircular shape. In this aspect, vault 11 is can be constructed as aconventional underground vault, commonly used by electric, gas, water,and/or other utilities. However, in alternative aspects, the undergrounddata communication system 300 can be utilized in another type ofunderground enclosure or similar structure, such as a manhole, basement,cellar, pit, shelter, pipe, or other underground enclosure.

The vault also includes at least one monitoring device disposed thereinwhich can monitor a physical condition of the vault or of the componentsor equipment located in the vault.

In this aspect, the monitoring device and SAU are fully integratedwithin a sensored cable accessory. The sensored cable accessory, in thisinstance, sensored cable splices 310 a-310 c, further includes thesystem analytics 311 a-311 c (including a DSP chip and a systemcommunications (e.g., a Bluetooth) chip) fully integrated as part of thesensored cable accessory.

In one aspect, the DSP chip, a system communications chip, and otherchips, such as A/D converters and timing chips, as needed, can bemounted on a flexible circuit or a small printed circuit board (e.g.,FR4) that is coupled to an isolated electrode element that extendsaround the insulating layer of the power carrying conductor of the cablesplice. In this manner, a separate SAU is not required for system 300,as the integrated sensored cable accessory can receive, manipulate,analyze, process, or otherwise transform raw sensor data signals intosignals useable in a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA)system.

In addition, a power harvesting device (e.g., devices 315 a-315 c) canbe integrated as part of the sensored cable splices 310 a-310 c toprovide sufficient power for the DSP/Bluetooth chipset. The powerharvesting device utilized in this aspect of the invention can beconstructed in a manner similar to, for example, the energy harvestingdevices described in EP Patent Application No. EP 14169529.6,incorporated by reference in its entirety. In this example construction,an energy harvesting device can be used to power a co-located sensingdevice as part of a sensored cable accessory.

The processed data from the sensored cable accessory 310 a-310 c can becommunicated to a network or SCADA via a transceiver 340. As shown inFIG. 6, the transceiver 340 is configured as an environmentally robustcommunication gateway. In this aspect, transceiver 340 can include fullyintegrated very low power electronics (an SoC for detecting timesynchronous events), along with GPS and versatile radio communicationmodules. The transceiver 340 can be powered by a battery source such asdescribed above. As shown in FIG. 6, the transceiver 340 is mounteddirectly onto entrance cover 51. In addition, the top portion of thetransceiver 340 is designed to be substantially flush with a top surfaceof entrance cover 51. In this manner, the risk of damage to thetransceiver from outside elements is reduced.

The transceiver 340 can wirelessly communicate with internal enclosurecomponents, such as the sensored cable accessory 310 a-310 c, via ashort range communication protocol (e.g., Bluetooth). In this aspect,the transceiver unit 340 also comprises an environmentally hardenedabove ground antenna, such as described above. The above ground antennacan be housed in the portion of the transceiver 340 that issubstantially flush or that extends above (see e.g., FIG. 1) the topsurface of the entrance cover 51 and which is coupled to a radio whichcommunicates with widely available above-ground wireless communicationsnetworks such as WiFi, WiMax, mobile telephone (3G, 4G, LTE), privatelicensed bands, etc. The transceiver 340 can also include gatewayelectronics that provide an interface between above ground radio signalsand communications to the sensored cable accessory wirelessly via asecond antenna.

In an alternative aspect, transceiver 340 can be further integrated withone or more sensors, such as an environmental (e.g., gas, smoke,temperature, etc.) sensor. Transceiver 340 can also include a DSP chip,a system communications chip, and other chips, such as A/D convertersand timing chips, as needed, to communicate between the environmentalsensor and a network or SCADA.

In addition, multiple underground data communication systems can beconfigured to communicate with each other as well as with an aboveground network, such as a utility SCADA system. For example, firstunderground data communication system 100 a can communicate directlywith second underground data communication system 100 b, in addition tocommunicating with the above-ground network.

In further detail, FIG. 7 provides another example communicationsflowchart illustrating an example communication scheme.

Similar to the embodiment of system 200 (shown in FIG. 5), thecommunications gateway unit is co-located with the transceiver 240. Inother aspects, the communications gateway unit can be co-located withthe SAU.

In the example of FIG. 7, a sensor measurement can be communicated to anSAU (either wirelessly or via wire) or it can be processed by the activesensor itself, depending on the type of sensor utilized. Assuming thedata is sent to an SAU, the SAU processes the measured signal byperforming one or more modes of analysis. In this example, the SAU 220can record a measurement (step 362) of a real time condition of anelectrical line, in this example from a monitoring device, such assensor 310 a. The SAU 220 determines whether to transmit formatted data(step 364) to the transceiver/gateway unit. If no, in step 366, the SAUdetermines if it should analyze the data. If the data is not analyzed,it is sent to data storage (step 374). If the data is to be analyzed,analytics and/or event detection can be performed (step 368) by the SAU.Based on the analysis, the SAU can direct certain action, such as acontrol action, and/or the data is stored in memory (step 374).

If data is to be communicated outside of the enclosure,formatted/measured/analyzed data is communicated to thetransceiver/gateway unit (either wirelessly or through a communicationsline) in step 375. In this aspect, the transceiver 240 is typically keptin sleep mode (step 380) and will be signaled to wake up (step 377) uponreceiving a data signal from the SAU that is stored in data storage(step 376). Otherwise, in this aspect, the transceiver/gateway unitwakes up at a predetermined time.

A decision is made (either at the SAU or the transceiver/gateway unit)to transmit data in step 378. If data is not sent, thetransceiver/gateway unit can be placed back in sleep mode (step 380). Adata package is formatted by the gateway unit and is transmitted fromthe transceiver via a standard or private telecommunications protocol(step 399) to a cloud data service or SCADA (step 398). The entityreceiving the data (e.g., operations center or service vehicle) can thenact on the notification from the transceiver/gateway unit. For example,a WAN receiver (e.g., a mobile receiver unit, such as a servicetechnician having a communication device loaded with the appropriateApp, or the operations center of the service provider) can receive thepacketed data from the transceiver, query, decrypt and/or decode theinformation (in step 390). This information can be communicated via theinternet or network communications (step 395) from/to the cloud dataservice or SCADA (398), with data consumption by web applications (step396). For example, in step 396, a representational state transfer cantake place, thereby creating, reading, updating, and/or deletinginformation on a server.

In one aspect, this type of communication system allows a utilitycompany to accurately pinpoint an underground fault location, thussaving the time and expense of entering and physically inspecting amultitude of vault locations within the grid. In addition, performingthe appropriate local actions can quickly restore service to customersand prevent further damage to the grid itself. Further, thiscommunication system allows a utility to communicate directly to aparticular enclosure, transceiver, and/or SAU to reconfigure or updatesystem settings, tables, thresholds for power and environmental sensing.

Similar to that discussed above, in an alternative aspect, theunderground communication system 300 could be implemented in an aboveground environment, such as where low, medium, or high voltage cablesenter from the underground and are exposed in the grade level equipment.For example, the sensored cable splices and transceiver could beimplemented in an above-ground transformer enclosure. For example,grade-level or above ground devices that can utilize one or more ofthese communication systems include, e.g., power or distributiontransformers, motors, switch gear, capacitor banks, and generators. Inaddition, one or more of these communication systems can be implementedin self-monitoring applications such as bridges, overpasses, vehicle andsign monitoring, subways, dams, tunnels, and buildings. The monitoringdevices themselves, or as combined with an SAU can be implanted insystems requiring very low power computational capabilities driven byevent occurrence, identification, location, and action taken via a selfpowered unit. Further, the integration of GPS capabilities along withtime synch events leads to finding key problems with early detectionwith set thresholds and algorithms for a variety of incipientapplications/faults/degradation of key structural or utility components.Another variable is the non-destructive mechanical construction whichwould have the ability to be utilized in fairly hazardous applications.

For example, FIG. 8 shows an example enclosure 20 that can beimplemented at grade or above-ground that includes a communicationssystem 400. In this example implementation, enclosure 20 includes one ormore electrical lines, such as electrical lines 405 a-405 c (carryinge.g., low, medium, or high voltage power). In alternative aspects, theenclosure 20 could house a capacitor bank, motor, switch gear, power ordistribution transformer, a generator, and/or other utility equipment.

The enclosure 20 also includes at least one monitoring device disposedtherein which can monitor a physical condition of the vault or of thecomponents or equipment located in the vault. For example, in thisaspect, a current sensor (410 a-410 c), such as a Rogowski coil, thatproduces a voltage that is proportional to the derivative of thecurrent, is provided on each electrical line 405 a-405 c. Additionally,an environmental sensor 413 can also be included. Other sensor devices,such as those described above, can also be utilized within enclosure 20.

The raw data signals can be carried from the sensors via signal lines430 a-430 c to a sensored analytics unit (SAU) 420. The SAU 420 can bemounted at a central location within the enclosure 20, or along a wallor other internal structure. The SAU 420 includes a digital signalprocessor (DSP) or system on a chip (SOC) to receive, manipulate,analyze, process, or otherwise transform such data signals into signalsuseable in a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Inaddition, the DSP can perform some operations independently of theSCADA. For example, the DSP can perform fault detection, isolation,location and condition monitoring and reporting. Moreover, the DSP/SAUcan be programmed to provide additional features, such as Volt, VARoptimization, phasor measurement (synchnophaser), incipient faultdetection, load characterization, post mortem event analysis, signaturewaveform identification and event capture, self-healing andoptimization, energy auditing, partial discharge,harmonics/sub-harmonics analysis, flicker analysis and leakage currentanalysis.

In addition, the DSP and other chips utilized in the SAU require can beconfigured to require only low power levels, on the order of less than10 W. In this aspect, SAU 420 can be provided power via a powerharvesting coil 415 that can be coupled to one of the electrical linesto provide sufficient power to the SAU via power cable 417. In addition,the SAU 420 can be implemented with a backup battery (not shown).

The processed data from the SAU 420 can be communicated to a network orSCADA via a transceiver 440. In this aspect, transceiver 440 can includefully integrated very low power electronics (an SOC for detecting timesynchronous events), along with GPS and versatile radio communicationmodules. The transceiver 440 can be powered by a line power sourcewithin the enclosure 20, a battery source or wireless power (such as awireless power transmitter, not shown) The SAU 420 can communicate tothe transceiver 440 via direct connection with a copper and/or fibercabling 431.

In this aspect, the transceiver 440 can be mounted directly onto the top(or other) surface of the enclosure 20. The transceiver 440 cancommunicate with internal enclosure components, such as the SAU 420, viacables 430 a-430 c. The transceiver 420 can perform network connection,security, and data translation functions between the outside andinternal networks, if necessary.

In another aspect, SAU 420 can be configured as a modular or upgradeableunit. Such a modular unit can allow for dongle or separate moduleattachment via one or more interface ports. As shown in FIG. 8, multiplesensors (410 a-410 c, 413) are connected to SAU 420. Such aconfiguration can allow for the monitoring of power lines and/or avariety of additional environmental sensors, similar to sensor 413,which can detect parameters such as gas, water, vibration, temperature,oxygen-levels, etc.). For example, in one alternative aspect, sensor 413can comprise a thermal imaging camera to observe a temperature profileof the environment and components within the enclosure. Theaforementioned DSP/other chips can provide computational capabilities tointerpret, filter, activate, configure, and/or communicate to thetransceiver 440. Dongle or connector blocks can house additionalcircuitry to create an analog to digital front end. The dongle orconnector blocks can also include a plug-n-play electrical circuit forautomatically identifying and recognizing the inserted sensing module(and automatically set up proper synchronization, timing, and otherappropriate communication conditions).

FIG. 9 shows another aspect of the invention, an underground datacommunication system 500. The communications system 500 is disposed inan exemplary underground enclosure, here underground vault 11. In thisexample implementation, vault 11 includes one or more electrical lines,such as electrical lines 505 a-505 c (carrying e.g., low, medium or highvoltage power).

The enclosure or vault 11 can be accessed from above ground via anentrance port 55, which includes a modified manhole cover 50′ and a ringor flange 52. In this aspect, vault 11 is can be constructed as aconventional underground vault, commonly used by electric, gas, water,and/or other utilities. However, in alternative aspects, the undergrounddata communication system 500 can be utilized in another type ofunderground enclosure or similar structure, such as a manhole, basement,cellar, pit, shelter, pipe, or other underground enclosure.

The vault also includes at least one monitoring device disposed thereinwhich can monitor a physical condition of the vault or of the componentsor equipment located in the vault. For example, in this aspect, acurrent sensor (510 a-510 c), such as a Rogowski coil, that produces avoltage that is proportional to the derivative of the current, isprovided on each electrical line 505 a-505 c. Alternatively, othersensor devices, such as those described above, can be utilized withinenclosure 11.

The raw data signals can be carried from the sensors via signal lines530 a-530 c to a sensored analytics unit (SAU) 520. The SAU 520 can bemounted at a central location within the vault 11, or along a wall orother internal vault structure. As shown in FIG. 9, the SAU can bemounted on a top wall of the vault 11. The SAU 520 includes a digitalsignal processor (DSP) or system on a chip (SOC) to receive, manipulate,analyze, process, or otherwise transform such data signals into signalsuseable in a supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system. Inaddition, the DSP can perform some operations independently of theSCADA. For example, the DSP can perform fault detection, isolation,location and condition monitoring and reporting. Moreover, the DSP/SAUcan be programmed to provide additional features, such as Volt, VARoptimization, phasor measurement (synchnophaser), incipient faultdetection, load characterization, post mortem event analysis, signaturewaveform identification and event capture, self-healing andoptimization, energy auditing, partial discharge,harmonics/sub-harmonics analysis, flicker analysis and leakage currentanalysis.

In addition, the DSP and other chips utilized in the SAU require can beconfigured to require only low power levels, on the order of less than10 W. In this aspect, SAU 520 can be provided power via a powerharvesting coil 515 that can be coupled to one of the electrical linesto provide sufficient power to the SAU via power cable 517.

In addition, the SAU 520 can be implemented with a backup battery (notshown). Further, the SAU 520 can include additional sensors to monitor,e.g., environmental conditions within the enclosure.

The processed data from the SAU 520 can be communicated to a network orSCADA via a transceiver 540. In this aspect, transceiver 540 can includefully integrated very low power electronics (an SOC for detecting timesynchronous events), along with GPS and versatile radio communicationmodules. The transceiver 540 can be powered by a battery source orwireless power (such as a wireless power transmitter, not shown). TheSAU 520 can communicate to the transceiver 540 via direct connectionwith a copper and/or fiber cabling 531. Alternatively, The transceiver540 can also include gateway electronics that provide an interfacebetween above ground radio signals and communications to the SAU 520wirelessly via a second antenna.

In this aspect, the transceiver 540 can be mounted directly onto thering or flange portion 52 of the entrance port 55. In this aspect, abracket or mounting structure 541 can be configured to mount to the ringor flange 52 and secure the transceiver 540 therein. The entrance cover50′ can include a cut-out portion 53 along its perimeter that conformsto the outer shape of the transceiver/bracket structure. In this manner,the top portion of the transceiver 540 is designed to be substantiallyflush with a top surface of entrance cover 50′. Accordingly, the risk ofdamage to the transceiver 540 from outside elements is reduced. Inaddition, the risk of damage to the transceiver 540 or disconnection ofcable 531 is reduced in the event that the entrance cover 50′ is notremoved properly.

The transceiver 540 can communicate with internal enclosure components,such as the SAU 520, via cables 530 a-530 c and/or via short rangecommunication protocol (e.g., bluetooth, WiFi, ZigBee, ANT). In thismanner, the transceiver unit 540 can provide a gateway that allows theunderground equipment/monitoring devices (e.g., SAU 520) to communicateto and from above ground communications networks. In this aspect, thetransceiver unit 540 also comprises an environmentally hardened aboveground antenna, such as described above. The above ground antenna can behoused in the portion of the transceiver 540 that is substantially flushwith the top surface of the entrance cover and which is coupled to aradio which communicates with widely available above-ground wirelesscommunications networks such as WiFi, WiMax, mobile telephone (3G, 4G,LTE, GSM), private licensed band, non-licensed bands, etc. Thetransceiver performs network connection, security, and data translationfunctions between the above ground and underground networks. In otheraspects, the gateway electronics can be provided within the SAU, whichcan format data packages to an appropriate network format and send theformatted signals to a transmitting antenna of the transceiver via astandard signal cable.

The present invention has now been described with reference to severalindividual embodiments. The foregoing detailed description has beengiven for clarity of understanding only. No unnecessary limitations areto be understood or taken from it. All references to right, left, front,rear, up and down as well as references to directions are exemplary onlyand do not limit the claimed invention. It will be apparent to thosepersons skilled in the art that many changes can be made in theembodiments described without departing from the scope of the invention.Thus, the scope of the present invention should not be limited to thedetails and structures described herein, but rather by the structuresdescribed by the language of the claims, and the equivalents of thosestructures.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A data communication system, comprising: atransceiver including active electronics, an antenna, and GlobalPositioning System (GPS) circuitry, disposed on an entrance port to anenclosure, the transceiver including a housing, the housing mountable tothe entrance port, wherein the transceiver is configured to communicatewith a network outside of the enclosure; a monitoring device disposed inthe enclosure that provides data related to a real-time condition withinthe enclosure; and a sensor analytics unit to process the data from themonitoring device and generate a processed data signal and tocommunicate the processed data signal to the transceiver, wherein thesensor analytics unit is configured to load software received from atleast one of an upstream node and a cloud service.
 2. The datacommunication system of claim 1, wherein the monitoring device comprisesa sensor.
 3. The data communication system of claim 2, wherein thesensor detects at least one of: power, voltage, current, temperature,combustible materials or byproducts of combustion, mechanical strain,mechanical movement, humidity, soil condition, pressure, hazardousatmosphere, liquid flow, leakage, component end-of-life or lifetime,personnel presence, physical state, light level, and vibration.
 4. Thedata communication system of claim 1, wherein the transceiver includes acommunications gateway unit.
 5. The data communication system of claim1, wherein the sensor analytics unit includes a digital signalprocessor.
 6. The data communication system of claim 1, wherein thesensor analytics unit includes a wireless network communications chip.7. The data communication system of claim 1, wherein the transceiverunit includes a hardened above ground antenna and radio.
 8. The datacommunication system of claim 1, wherein the transceiver is configuredto send aggregated information upstream to another aggregation node orcloud server above ground.
 9. The data communication system of claim 1,wherein the transceiver is configured to respond to messages sent to itby an upstream aggregation node or cloud.
 10. The data communicationsystem of claim 1, wherein the enclosure comprises an undergroundenclosure and wherein the entrance port comprises a metal manhole coverand a ring portion to receive the metal manhole cover.
 11. The datacommunication system of claim 10, wherein the transceiver is secured tothe metal manhole cover and a portion of the transceiver housing extendsthrough a hole formed in the entrance cover.
 12. The data communicationsystem of claim 11, wherein the transceiver housing portion extendingthrough the hole formed in the entrance cover is substantially flushwith a top surface of the entrance cover.
 13. The data communicationsystem of claim 10, wherein the transceiver is secured to a ring portionof the entrance port.
 14. The data communication system of claim 1,further comprising a power harvesting device coupled to at least onepower line located in the enclosure.
 15. The data communication systemof claim 1, wherein the sensor analytics unit contains a plurality ofinterface ports configured to connect to one or more environmentalsensors.
 16. A data communication system, comprising: a transceiverincluding active electronics, an antenna, and Global Positioning System(GPS) circuitry, disposed on a portion of an enclosure containingutility equipment, the transceiver including a housing, the housingmountable to the enclosure, wherein the transceiver is configured tocommunicate with a cloud data service or network outside of theenclosure; a monitoring device disposed in the enclosure that providesdata related to a real-time condition within the enclosure; and a sensoranalytics unit to process the data from the monitoring device andgenerate a processed data signal and to communicate the processed datasignal to the transceiver, wherein the sensor analytics unit isprogrammed to provide at least one of incipient fault detection andpartial discharge analysis.
 17. The data communication system of claim16, wherein the enclosure comprises an underground vault having a metalentrance port cover.
 18. The data communication system of claim 16,wherein the enclosure comprises a grade level or above-ground enclosure.19. A data communication system, comprising: a transceiver includingactive electronics, an antenna, and Global Positioning System (GPS)circuitry, disposed on a portion of an enclosure containing utilityequipment, the transceiver including a housing, the housing mountable tothe enclosure, wherein the transceiver is configured to communicate witha cloud data service or network outside of the enclosure; a monitoringdevice disposed in the enclosure that provides data related to areal-time condition within the enclosure; and a sensor analytics unit toprocess the data from the monitoring device and generate a processeddata signal and to communicate the processed data signal to thetransceiver, wherein the sensor analytics unit is programmed to capturewaveform events and provide signature waveform identification.